Kua ara ake i te wā i muri i te mate urutā tētahi ngaru hou o te pikinga o te hiahia mō ngā wahie kawe waka. Mai i te tirohanga ā-ao, kei te whakaarohia e ngā mara e tuku ana i ngā tukunga taumaha pērā i te rererangi me te kaipuke ngā wahie koiora hei tētahi o ngā wahie tango waro matua i roto i te umanga kawe waka. He aha te āhua o nāianei o te auahatanga hangarau wahie koiora? He aha te pūmanawa tono i ngā wāhi uaua ki te tango waro? He aha te aronga kaupapa here o ngā whenua whakawhanake?
Me tere ake te tipu o te putanga ā-tau
Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, ko te bioethanol me te biodiesel tonu ngā wahie koiora e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Kei te noho tonu te bioethanol hei wāhi matua i roto i ngā wahie koiora o te ao. Ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakamahi hei wahie wai whakahou me te pumau hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga hinu, engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei rauemi mata me ngā whakarewa i roto i te umanga matū.
I roto i te pūrongo "Renewable Energy 2023", i tohu te International Energy Agency (IEA) mehemea ka tutuki te whāinga kore-tukunga i te tau 2050, me piki ake te hanga wahie koiora o te ao mā te tere toharite o te 11% mai i nāianei ki te tau 2030. E matapaetia ana i te mutunga o te tau 2030, ko te hinu para kīhini, te para kai me te kakau witi o te hua whenua te wāhanga nui rawa atu o ngā rauemi mata wahie koiora, ka eke ki te 40%.
I kī te IEA, kāore e taea e te tere tipu o te hanga wahie koiora o nāianei te āwhina i te whakatutuki i te whāinga kore kupenga i te tau 2050. Mai i te tau 2018 ki te 2022, ko te tere tipu ā-tau o te hanga wahie koiora o te ao he 4% noa iho. I te tau 2050, me eke te ōwehenga o te whakamahinga wahie koiora i roto i ngā rāngai rererangi, moana me te huarahi ki te 33%, 19% me te 3%.
E matapaetia ana e te IEA ka piki te hiahia mō te wahie koiora o te ao mā te 35 piriona rita ia tau i waenga i te tau 2022 me te tau 2027. I roto i ēnei, ko te tipu o te whakamahinga o te hinu tīhi hou me te hinu jet koiora e ahu mai ana i ngā ōhanga whakawhanake; ko te tipu o te whakamahinga o te bioethanol me te biodiesel e ahu mai ana i ngā ōhanga whakawhanake.
I waenganui i te tau 2022 me te tau 2027, ka piki ake te wāhi o ngā wahie koiora i roto i te rāngai wahie kawe waka o te ao mai i te 4.3% ki te 5.4%. Hei te tau 2027, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te tono mō ngā wahie koiora-jet o te ao ki te 3.9 piriona rita ia tau, 37 ngā wā i tērā o te tau 2021, e tata ana ki te 1% o te katoa o ngā wahie rererangi e pau ana.
Ko te wahie tino whai hua mō te tango waro i te kawe waka
He tino uaua ki te tango i te waro i roto i te umanga kawe waka. E whakapono ana te IEA, i roto i te wā poto ki te wā waenga, ko ngā wahie koiora te huarahi tino whai hua mō te tango i te waro i roto i te kawe waka. Me toru te whakanui ake i te hanga o ngā wahie koiora pumau o te ao i waenga i nāianei me te tau 2030 kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te kore-tukunga mai i te kawe waka i te tau 2050.
He whānui te whakaae a te umanga he kōwhiringa whakataetae-utu ngā wahie koiora hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi mai i te rāngai kawe waka i ngā tekau tau e haere ake nei. Inaa, ko te hototahi ki ngā hanganga wahie pūmua o nāianei ka waiho ngā wahie koiora hei kōwhiringa whai hua hei whakakapi i ngā wahie pūmua i roto i ngā kahui waka o nāianei.
Ahakoa te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko, ko te āputa rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga pākahiko nui me te uaua ki te whakatakotoranga i ngā whare utu i ngā wāhi kāore anō kia whanakehia he wero tonu ki te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei waka. I roto i te wā waenga ki te wā roa, i te mea ka nui haere te hiko o te rāngai kawe waka, ka neke te whakamahinga o ngā wahie koiora ki ngā rāngai uaua ki te whakamahi hiko, pērā i te rererangi me te moana.
"Ka taea e ngā wahie koiora wai pērā i te bioethanol me te biodiesel te whakakapi tika i te penehīni me te diesel, e whakarato ana i ngā huarahi kē atu kua pakari me te taea te whakanui ake i roto i te mākete e whakahaerehia ana e ngā waka miihini tahunga ā-roto," te kī a Heitor Cantarella, he tohunga i te Agricultural Research Institute o Campinas i Brazil.
Kei te tere ake hoki te whakatinanatanga o ngā wahie koiora i roto i te ao kawe waka e tōku whenua. I te tau 2023, ko te whakamahinga o te hinu rererangi e tōku whenua ka tata ki te 38.83 miriona tana, me ngā tukunga waro tika e neke atu ana i te 123 miriona tana, e 1% pea o ngā tukunga waro katoa o te whenua. I roto i te horopaki o te "waro takirua", ko te wahie rererangi pumau te huarahi tino whai hua i tēnei wā hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro i roto i te umanga rererangi.
Nō nā tata nei, i whakatakoto a Mo Dingge, te Tiamana me te Hēkeretari Rōpū o Sinopec Ningbo Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Co., Ltd., i ngā whakaaro e tika ana mō te hanga i tētahi pūnaha ahumahi wahie rererangi pumau e rite ana ki te ao tūturu o Haina: te tere ake o te whakatūnga o tētahi pūnaha tuku nui me te whai hua mō ngā rauemi mata koiora pēnei i te hinu para me te hinu; ko te pūnaha tiwhikete pumau motuhake me te whakahaere o tōku whenua me te pūnaha tautoko kaupapa here ahumahi kua whakapaitia e whakatairanga ana i te whanaketanga hauora o te ahumahi wahie rererangi pumau.
Ka tukuna e te Hononga o Amerika me Ūropi ngā manakohanga kaupapa here
I roto i ngā ōhanga whakawhanake, he kaha te mahi a te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā wahie koiora. E ai ki ngā pūrongo kua tohaina e te Hononga o Amerika te US$9.7 piriona ki te umanga wahie koiora mā te Ture Whakaiti Pikinga.
I te marama o Pēpuere, i whakaputa ngātahi te Tari Tiaki Taiao o Amerika me te Tari Pūngao o Amerika i tētahi pānuitanga e kī ana ko ngā moni i whakawhiwhia i raro i te Ture Whakaiti Pikinga ka whakaritea kia tohaina ki ngā kamupene he kaupapa hangarau wahie koiora pānga nui hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu o te hangarau whakaputa wahie koiora.
I mea atu a Joseph Goffman, he āpiha i te Tari Hau me te Irahiko o te EPA: "Ko te kaupapa o tēnei nekehanga he whakaoho i te auahatanga i roto i te hanga wahie koiora matatau." I mea atu a Jeff Marootian, te hēkeretari tuarua tuarua mō te whai huatanga o te pūngao me te pūngao whakahou i te Tari Pūngao o Amerika: "Te haumi ki ngā hangarau wahie koiora, hei whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō te wahie rererangi pumau me ētahi atu wahie koiora waro-iti."
E whakapono ana ētahi o ngā whenua mema o te EU me whakauru ngā wahie koiora ki roto i te anga wahie waro-kore a te EU kia pai ai te kaha o te umanga ki te kukume mai i te haumi.
E ai ki te Kōti Kaute o Ūropi, kāore i te EU he rautaki roa mō ngā wahie koiora, ka taea e tēnei te whakararu i ngā whāinga whakaiti waro o te rohe mō ngā waka. Inaa, kua ruarua te tūnga o te EU mō ngā wahie koiora. I mua, i whai rātou kia whakapiki ake i te ōwehenga o ngā wahie koiora i roto i te whakamahinga pūngao o ngā waka rori ki te 10% i te tau 2020, engari i whakarērea tēnei whāinga. I tēnei wā, e mōhio ana te EU he nui te pūmanawa o ngā wahie koiora i roto i te rererangi, te kaipuke me ētahi atu mara, ā, kei te hoki mai te whakapono ki te whanaketanga.
I whakaae a Nikolaos Milionis, he āpiha nō te Kōti Kaute o Ūropi, he uaua te anga kaupapa here mō te wahie koiora a te EU, ā, kua maha ngā panonitanga i roto i ngā tau 20 kua pahure ake nei. "Ka taea e ngā wahie koiora te whai wāhi atu ki te whāinga kore-waro a te EU me te whakarei ake i tō rātou ake haumarutanga pūngao, engari kei te kore tonu he mahere whanaketanga mārama me te tino mārama. Ko te kore o te aratohu kaupapa here ka tino whakanui ake i ngā mōrearea haumi me te whakaiti i te ataahua o te umanga wahie koiora o Ūropi."
Susie
Te Kamupene Pūtaiao me te Hangarau Kakariki o Sichuan
0086 19302815938
Wā tuku: Maehe-30-2024
